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Open market operations are the means of implementing monetary policy by which a central bank controls its national money supply by buying and selling government securities, or other instruments. Monetary targets, such as interest rates or exchange rates, are used to guide this implementation.Since most money is now in the form of electronic records, rather than paper records such as banknotes, open market operations are conducted simply by electronically increasing or decreasing ('crediting' or 'debiting') the amount of money that a bank has, e.g., in its reserve account at the central bank, in exchange for a bank selling or buying a financial instrument. Newly created money is used by the central bank to buy in the open market a financial asset, such as government bonds, foreign currency, or gold. If the central bank sells these assets in the open market, the amount of money that the purchasing bank holds decreases, effectively destroying money.The process does not literally require the immediate printing of new currency. A central bank account for a member bank can simply be increased electronically. However this will increase the central bank's requirement to print currency when the member bank demands banknotes, in exchange for a decrease in its electronic balance. Often, the percentage of the total money supply comprised of physical banknotes is very small. In the United States less than 5% of common 'money' actually exists in the form of physical banknotes or coins. The rest exists as credits in computerized bank accounts.[citation needed]

The reserve requirement (or required reserve ratio) is a bank regulation that sets the minimum reserves each bank must hold to customer deposits and notes. These reserves are designed to satisfy withdrawal demands, and would normally be in the form of fiat currency stored in a bank vault (vault cash), or with a central bank.The reserve ratio is sometimes used as a tool in monetary policy, influencing the country's economy, borrowing, and interest rates.[1] Western central banks rarely alter the reserve requirements because it would cause immediate liquidity problems for banks with low excess reserves; they prefer to use open market operations to implement their monetary policy. The People's Bank of China does use changes in reserve requirements as an inflation-fighting tool,[2] and raised the reserve requirement nine times in 2007. As of 2006 the required reserve ratio in the United States was 10% on transaction deposits (component of money supply "M1"), and zero on time deposits and all other deposits.An institution that holds reserves in excess of the required amount is said to hold excess reserves.
Effects on money supply

QDII: Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor (合格的境內機構投資者)的首字縮寫。
是「更緊密的經貿關係安排 (CEPA) 」中其中一個措施 , 有關如何開放內地居民赴港投資
它是在一國境內設立，經該國有關部門批准從事境外證券市場的股票、債券等有價證券業務的證券投資基金。它是在貨幣沒有實現完全可自由兌換、資本專案尚未開放的情況下，有限度地允許境內投資者投資境外證券市場的一項過渡性的制度安排。
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